cell voltage electronic load for fuel cells and battery fuel cell and batteries electronic DC load electronic load monitoring battery and solar module catalyst MEA and GDL bipolar plate current interrupt impedance analyzer and single voltage or cell voltage CVM degradation PEM and SOFC current switch high current connector high power and high current electronic load water cooling Wasserkühlung wassergekühlt Luftkühling air cooling fan SOFC high temperature Hochstromschalter Hochstrommultiplexer Multiplexer Kaskadierung cascade Spannung Strom Hochleistung Einzelspannung und single voltage EIS impedance of fuel cells cell impedance or current interrupt method fuel cell impedance fuel cell impedance Brennstoffzelle Impedanz EIS Brennstoffzelle Impedanz the AC impedance compared with Batterieimpedanz current interrupt method density flow field catalyst battery Batterie MEA GDL bipolar battery Li-Ion Li-Polymer Super cap plate HFR resistance bode plot spectrum kramers current interrupt modulation electrochemical impedance polarization FRA curve response time degradation investigation with AC impedance spectroscopy or current interrupt (current-interrupt) phase magnitude real part imaginary part duty cycle Reduktion EIS battery high current Bode plot curve fitting impedance analysis spectroscopy impedance spectra PEM Current interrupt oder Impedanzspektrum am Messplatz MEA flow field Bipolarplatte bipolar plate GDL impedance reduction segmented electrode segmentierte conditioning Elektrode equivalent circuit EIS catalyst Katalysator fuel cell current to 200 A Hochstrom Strom degradation Einzelzelle single cell components impedance reduction SOFC solid oxide fuel cell frequency response analyzing analyzer kHz polymer humidity humidification EIS poisoning degradation Impedanzspektrum und Impedanzspektroskopie cell voltage cell voltage monitoring or single voltage monitoring or method fuel cell fuel cell cell voltage monitoring Brennstoffzelle Einzellspannung EIS Brennstoffzelle the cell voltage monitoring compared with Batterie Einzellspannung single voltage current interrupt method density CVM flow field catalyst battery Batterie MEA GDL bipolar plate single cell voltage resistance current interrupt Zellspannung CVM modulation polarization curve response single Zellspannung cell voltage time degradation investigation with cell voltage monitoring CVM spectroscopy or current interrupt phase magnitude fuel cell duty cycle battery high current Zellspannung Zellspannung Brennstoffzelle single cell voltage plot curve fitting cell voltage fuel cell monitoring analysis Zellspannung CVM Zellspannung Brennstoffzelle cell voltage monitoring spectra PEM Current interrupt oder am Messplatz single cell voltage MEA flow field Bipolarplatte Brennstoffzelle bipolar plate Zellspannung segmented electrode segmentierte Elektrode equivalent circuit catalyst Katalysator fuel cell current to 200 A Strom Einzelzelle Brennstoffzelle CVM fuel cell single cell components SOFC solid oxide Zellspannung single cell voltage fuel cell frequency response analyzing analyzer kHz polymer CVM single voltage